NASA recognizes the Twins Study as the first study of its kind to compare molecular profiles of identical twin astronauts, and a methodology to integrate research from the ten teams was established. NASA has gained some understanding of what happens to the body after six months aboard the International Space Station, but Scott Kelly’s one-year mission is a stepping-stone to longer expeditions such as missions to Mars, which could take three years for a round trip. The results of the Twins Study reveal some interesting, surprising and positively assuring data of how a single human body adapted to the extreme environment of space. This was accomplished by comparing retired astronaut Scott Kelly while he was in space, to his identical twin brother, retired astronaut Mark Kelly, who remained on Earth. The landmark Twins Study brought ten research teams from around the country together to observe what physiological, molecular and cognitive changes could happen to a human from exposure to spaceflight hazards. NASA’s trailblazing Twins Study moved into the final stages of integrated research with the release of a combined summary paper published in the peer-reviewed journal, Science.

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